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letters of recommendation

  • 1 ἐπιστολή

    ἐπιστολή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἐπιστέλλω) letter, epistle (so Eur., Thu.+; loanw. in rabb.) 2 Cor 7:8; 2 Th 3:17; 1 Cl 47:1; 63:2; IEph 12:2; ISm 11:3; Pol 13:2b. διʼ ἐπιστολῆς (Diod S 19, 48, 1; Polyaenus 7, 39; 53rd letter of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 358, 9]; Ps.-Demetr., Form. Ep. p. 5, 10; BGU 884, 6; 1046 II, 5) by a letter 2 Th 2:2 (Vi. Aesopi W 104 P. ἐ. ὡς ἐκ τοῦ Αἰσώπου; Polyaenus 8, 50 of two dead persons ὡς ἔτι ζώντων ἐπιστολή), vs. 15, cp. 3:14. γράφειν ἐπιστολήν (Diod S 17, 39, 2; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 207) Ac 15:23 D; 23:25 (on the specific type of administrative communication s. Taubenschlag, OpMin II 722, w. ref. to PTebt 45, 27); Ro 16:22; ἐν τῇ ἐ. 1 Cor 5:9 (ἐν τῇ ἐ.=‘in the letter known to you’ [s. ὁ 2a] as ChronLind B 14 ἐν τᾷ ἐπιστολᾷ; Hyperid. 3, 25 ἐν τ. ἐπιστολαῖς; Pla., Ep. 7, 345c ἡ ἐ.=the letter [known to you]). ταύτην δευτέραν ὑμῖν γράφω ἐ. 2 Pt 3:1 (cp. BGU 827, 20 ἰδοὺ τρίτην ἐπιστολήν σοι γράφω. PMich 209, 5 δευτέραν ἐπιστολὴν ἔπεμψά σοι). ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰωάννου προτέρας ἐ. Papias (2:17); αἱ δύο ἐπιστολαὶ αἱ μικραί Papias (11:1); άναδιδόναι τὴν ἐπιστολήν τινι deliver the letter to someone Ac 23:33. Also ἐπιδιδόναι 15:30. διαπέμπεσθαι send MPol 20:1. διακονεῖν care for 2 Cor 3:3. ἀναγινώσκειν (X., An. 1, 6, 4; 1 Macc 10:7; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 37) 3:2; Col 4:16; 1 Th 5:27. In all probability the plur. in our lit.—even Ac 9:2; Pol 3:2—always means more than one letter, not a single one (as Eur., Iph. A. 111; 314; Thu. 1, 132, 5; 4, 50, 2, also M. Iulius Brutus, Ep. 1, 1 [fr. Mithridates]; 1 Macc 10:3, 7; Jos., Ant. 10, 15; 16): διʼ ἐπιστολῶν with letters 1 Cor 16:3. τῷ λόγῳ διʼ ἐπιστολῶν ἀπόντες (do someth.) through word by means of letters, when we are absent 2 Cor 10:11 (cp. UPZ 69, 3 [152 B.C.] ἀπόντος μου … διὰ τοῦ ἐπιστολίου); vs. 9; ἐ. βαρεῖαι καὶ ἰσχυραί the letters are weighty and powerful vs. 10. ἔγραψεν ὑμῖν ὡς καὶ ἐν πάσαις ἐ. 2 Pt 3:16. ἐ. συστατικαί letters of recommendation 2 Cor 3:1 (s. on συστατικός). ἐπιστολὰς πέμπειν (Ps.-Demosth. 11, 17; Diod S 17, 23, 6 ἔπεμψεν ἐπιστολάς=letters; OGI 42, 6; 2 Macc 11:34) IPol 8:1; cp. Pol 13:2a. ἐπιστολὴ πρός τινα a letter to someone (2 Esdr 12:7; 2 Macc 11:27; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 111) Ac 9:2; 22:5 (letters empowering someone to arrest people and deliver them to the authorities in the capital city, as PTebt 315, 29ff [II A.D.]); 2 Cor 3:1 (πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἢ ἐξ ὑμῶν).—Later epistolary subscriptions to the NT letters, as well as B, 1 Cl, 2 Cl.—GBahr, Paul and Letter Writing in the First Century, CBQ 28, ’66, 465–77; JWhite, Light fr. Ancient Letters ’86, 3–20, 221–24 lit. Lit. on χαίρω 2b. B. 1286; RAC II 564–85.—DELG s.v. στέλλω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐπιστολή

  • 2 διακονέω

    διακονέω (s. two next entries) impf. διηκόνουν; fut. διακονήσω; 1 aor. διηκόνησα; pf. inf. δεδιηκονηκέναι (AssMos Fgm. k, Denis p. 67); aor. pass. διηκονήθην, for augm. s. B-D-F §69, 4; W-S. §12, 6; Mlt-H. 192 (Soph., Hdt. et al.; rare in ins, pap; never in LXX, but in Philo, Joseph.) gener. to render service in a variety of ways either at someone’s behest or voluntarily and freq. with suggestion of movement.
    ① to function as an intermediary, act as go-between/agent, be at one’s service w. intermediary function either expressed or implied (lead tablet Sb 4947, 2 διακόνησόν μοι; in lover’s petition ‘serve as intermediary [medium] for me’ PWarr 21, 4; 8; Lucian, Cont. 1 of Hermes as messenger for Zeus; Theophr. Char. 2, 9 fetch things; Just., D. 79, 2; cp. the role of Repentance JosAs 15:7) w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ὑμῖν δὲ διηκόνουν αὐτά they were not acting as agents in their own behalf but for yours in the things 1 Pt 1:12 (for a service consisting in the delivery of a message cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 298). For a similar contrast, and with suggestion of an intermediary’s mission: οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι came not to be served, but to serve Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (i.e. the Human One [Son of Man] came to carry out an assignment not to benefit himself but others [by giving his life in ransom]; cp. Mt 4:11; par. Mk 1:13 [service rendered by divine messengers]). Of Jesus carrying out his mission [ἀ]νῆλθε[ν δια]κονῶν AcPl BMM verso 13f.— Phlm 13 suggests that Onesimus can be used by Paul on assignment in behalf of the gospel. πορεύομαι … διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις on an errand to God’s people (REB) Ro 15:25 (s. 3).—Of delivery of an object: χάρις διακονουμένη ὑφʼ ἡμῶν gift that we are transmitting (a ref. to the collection for whose delivery they have accepted responsibility) 2 Cor 8:19; cp. vs. 20. In imagery, ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ διακονηθεῖσα ὑφʼ ἡμῶν a letter of Christ, delivered by us 2 Cor 3:3 (WBaird, Letters of Recommendation: JBL 80, ’61, 190).
    ② to perform obligations, without focus on intermediary function
    ⓐ of unspecified services perform duties, render assistance, serve τινί someone (Demosth. 9, 43; UPZ 18, 23 [163 B.C.]; δαίμοσι δ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 51, 38) Mt 8:15; Mk 1:31; Lk 4:39; GJs 6:3; διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ being at his service Mt 27:55; cp. Mk 15:41. διακόνει μοι serve me Hs 8, 4, 1, cp. 2; J 12:26; Ac 19:22. Also εἰς ἑαυτοὺς αὐτὸ δ. serve one another w. it 1 Pt 4:10. W. acc. of thing ὅσα διηκόνησεν what services he rendered 2 Ti 1:18; cp. Hs 2:10. Abs. (POxy 275, 10 [I A.D.]) 1 Pt 4:11. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 10, 242); ἁπλῶς δ. complete a service in simplicity of heart Hm 2:6.
    ⓑ of attention at meals wait on someone (τινί) at table (Menand., Fgm. 272; Pyrgion [Hellenistic times]: 467 Fgm. 1 Jac. [a communal meal in Crete]; Diod S 4, 36, 2; 5, 28, 4; Philo, Vi. Cont. 70; TestJob 12:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 163; 166) Lk 12:37; 17:8. Abs. 10:40; J 12:2; GJs 6:3. In imagery ὡς ὁ διακονῶν waiter Lk 22:26f.
    ③ to meet an immediate need, help w. dat. (Iren. 1, pr. 3 [Harv. I 7, 1]) πότε οὐ διηκονήσαμέν σοι; when did we not help you? Mt 25:44 (but s. 4, Collins). ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων helped to support them w. their means Lk 8:3 (KTorjesen, When Women Were Priests ’93, 53ff); the saints Ro 15:25 (JO’Rourke, CBQ 29, ’67, 116–18; but s. 1); Hb 6:10.
    ④ to carry out official duties, minister, in cultic context (of holy service at the altar Jos., Ant. 3, 155; cp. PGM 36, 304 and 335 παρὰ θεοῖς δ.) of διάκονοι 1 Ti 3:10; καλῶς δ. vs. 13. ἀγνῶς καὶ σεμνῶς Hv 3, 5, 1. Opp. κακῶς Hs 9, 26, 2. Collins (s. below) p. 65 argues for placement of Mt 25:44 in this classification: those consigned to perdition plead their total dedication to the Lord’s interests.
    ⑤ Ac 6:2 poses a special problem: care for, take care of w. dat. of thing τραπέζαις look after tables can be understood of serving food at tables (cp. βούλομαι … διακονῆσαι τοῖς πτωχοῖς σήμερον ἐν τῇ σῇ τραπέζῃ TestJob 12:1), but it is improbable that some widows would be deprived of food at a communal meal. The term διακονία vs. 1 more probably refers to administrative responsibility (s. διακονία 5), one of whose aspects is concern for widows without specifying the kind of assistance that is allotted. Vs. 2 may contain wordplay involving the phrase τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, w. λόγος designating a ledger entry, in which case τράπεζα, which is also a banker’s term (s. L-S-J-M s.v. II), may here denote accounts (s. τράπεζα 1c).—WBrandt, Dienst u. Dienen im NT ’31; ESchweizer, D. Leben des Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; PBoulton, Διακονέω and Its Cognates in the 4 Gospels: TU 73, ’59, 415–22. JCollins, Diakonia ’90.—DELG s.v. διάκονος. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > διακονέω

  • 3 συστατικός

    συστατικός, ή, όν (συνίστημι; since Aristot. in Diog. L. 5, 18; pap) introducing, commendatory συστατικὴ ἐπιστολή a letter of recommendation (Ammonius, Vi. Aristot. p. 11, 18 Westerm. συστατικαὶ ἐπ.) 2 Cor 3:1 (Epict. 2, 3, 1 γράμματα παρʼ αὐτοῦ λαβεῖν συστατικά; Diog. L. 8, 87; POxy 1587, 20; PTebt 315, 29 [II A.D.] ἔχει συστατικάς, i.e. ἐπιστολάς.—Models: Ps.-Demetr., Form. Ep. p. 3, 16ff; Ps.-Libanius, Charact. Ep. p. 22, 12ff; also p. 58). Paul does not need such letters, for his addressees constitute letters of rec. (cp. Aristot. [Diog. L. 5, 18] on the superiority of personal appearance to letters of rec.).—On this subject s. Dssm., LO 137f (LAE 170–72); Windisch ad loc.; CKeyes, The Gk. Letter of Introduction: AJP 56, ’35, 28ff; CKim, Form and Structure of the Pauline Greek Letter of Introduction, SBLDS 4 ’72; Betz, 2 Cor 131–39.—Cp. DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. Spicq.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > συστατικός

  • 4 καταλογή

    A enrolment, enlistment,

    στρατιωτῶν D.Chr.43.10

    .
    II ( καταλέγω (B) 1.2b) regard, respect, Plb.22.12.10 codd. (- δοχή Reiske), cf. SIG739.9 (Delph., i B. C.); καταλογῆς [ ἕνεκα], honoris causa, with gen., IG7.413.37 ([place name] Oropus); καταλογή σοι εἴη 'saving your reverence', prob. for καταλογισθιείη, Hsch.; εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν κ. on my recommendation, used in letters of introduction, PStrassb.117.5 (i A. D.), POxy. 787 (i A. D.), etc.;

    ὅπως.. κ. αὐτῶν γένηται IG14.951.9

    ; condemned by Phryn.403.
    III ( καταλέγω (B) 1.1 b) recitation, opp.music, IG9(2).531.12 (Larissa, i B. C./i A. D.), Hsch.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > καταλογή

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